Key Terms*Intelligence Test - a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.
*Mental Age - a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. *Stanford Binet - the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test. *Intelligence Quotient - defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100. *Aptitude Tests - a test designed to predict a persons future performance; capacity to learn. Achievement Tests - tests designed to assess what a person has learned. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests. Standardization - defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group. Normal Curve - the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. *Reliability - the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting. *Validity - the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. *Content Validity - the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. Criterion - the behavior (such as future college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity. Predictive Validity - The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. Intelligence - mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. *Factor Analysis - a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score. *g - a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. Savant Syndrome - a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. Mental Retardation - a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound. *Down Syndrome - a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup. Creativity - the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. Heritability - the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. *Emotional Intelligence - the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. Stereotype Threat - a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. |
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Intelligence
What are you smart at? For some people, their intelligence lies in math and problem solving whereas other people are smart in the arts and visual relations. Or there are others that are skilled with both of those but aren't very good at speaking and reading. Multiple theories about intelligence leads to different ideas in how intelligence is made up and how to measure it.